Consumer Price Index (CPI) is an index that measures changes in the level of prices of goods and services that households acquire for the purpose of consumption over time. 

The Treynor ratio adjusts excess return for systematic risk which is computed by dividing a portfolio's excess return by its Beta. 

A hurdle rate is the minimum acceptable rate of the required return on investment or project by an investor or a fund manager. It is also known as break-even yield. 

The primary market is a market where funds are raised by companies from investors, who are not associated with the promoters through an offer of securities. The secondary market is where securities once issued are bought and sold between investors. 

Sharpe ratio is the risk-adjusted return, which measures reward to variability. Firstly, a portfolio’s return in excess of the risk-free return is calculated and then this excess return is divided by the portfolio’s standard deviation. This ratio is named after William Sharpe.

Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is an index, which measures changes in industrial activity or growth rates in various industry groups with reference to a base year.

Financial risk is the type of risk primarily associated with the risk of default on the loan taken by any entity. To evaluate any company’s capital structure and debt levels, as a part of quantitative analysis, financial risk ratios are used.

The most commonly used strategies in hedging are asset allocation, portfolio structuring, and using put/call options.

The turnover ratio shows how efficiently any company uses its assets to generate sales. It is also known as the efficiency ratio where sales play an important role in the calculation while it is taken differently for every turnover ratio.

The liquidity ratio measures how liquid the company’s assets are in comparison to its current liabilities. In simple words, it evaluates any company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations. 

The option buyer has the right but no obligation with regards to buying or selling the underlying asset, while the option writer has the obligation to its commitment in the contract.

The money market is a part of the financial market where instruments with short-term maturities are traded providing an avenue for ultra-short-term to short-term lending along with borrowing of funds with maturity ranging from overnight to one year.